Vet World Vol.17 November-2024 Article - 6
Research Article
Veterinary World, 17(11): 2469-2476
https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2469-2476
Molecular characterization of VP1 gene during the foot and mouth disease virus outbreak in East Java, Indonesia, in 2022
2. Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
3. Division of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
4. Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
5. Department of Viral Diarrhea, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
6. Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
7. Airlangga Disease Prevention and Research Center, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
8. Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Universitas Sulawesi Barat, Majene, Indonesia.
9. Research Center for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Background and Aim: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly contagious in cloven-hoofed animals, and it causes outbreaks in Indonesia and several countries worldwide. This disease is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), which belongs to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae. In 1990, the World Organization for Animal Health Office International des Epizooties recognized Indonesia as an FMD-free country. A new FMDV outbreak in Indonesia was reported in April 2022 and confirmed in May 2022, resulting in economic losses to the beef cattle sector. This study aimed to determine the genotype and amino acid content of viral proteins (VP1) gene.
Materials and Methods: Samples were obtained from vesicle swabs from the mouth and feet of cattle in Banyuwangi Regency, Lamongan Regency, and Surabaya City, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were identified using one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with a pair of specific primers encoding the VP1O serotype with a target of 1165 bp.
Results: Sequencing revealed that the FMDV subtype belonged to the O/ME-SA/Ind2001e. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our isolate was 100% amino acid-identical to the Indonesian outbreak isolates from 2022 and 95% identical to isolates from Southeast Asia. The amino acid substitutions found in the G-H Loop of the VP1were S134C, D138E, T140A, and A156T. Only the K135Q mutation was detected in Lamongan.
Conclusion: The spread of the subtype O/ME-SA/Ind2001e in South-east Asia caused an outbreak in Indonesia due to less stringent animal traffic control measures. Surveillance studies and whole-genome sequence analyses are important for monitoring FMDV genetics in Indonesia.
Keywords: cattle, foot and mouth disease virus, Indonesia, phylogenetic tree, viral proteins 1.
How to cite this article: Dinana Z, Suwarno S, Mustofa I, Rahmahani J, Kusnoto K, Maharani AT, Fitria AL, Witaningrum AM, Maulana FK, Said NS, Fahrodi DU, and Rantam FA (2024) Molecular characterization of VP1 gene during the foot and mouth disease virus outbreak in East Java, Indonesia, in 2022, Veterinary World, 17(11): 2469-2476.
Received: 2024-06-18 Accepted: 2024-09-23 Published online: 2024-11-07
Corresponding author: E-mail:
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.2469-2476
Copyright: Dinana, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
